非球面によってサジタルコマフレアを補正 AI Noct Nikkor 58mm F1.2
![]() ニッコール千夜一夜物語![]() | ![]() |
![](http://www.nikon-image.com/jpn/shared/img/sp.gif)
![]() | ![]() | ~非球面によってサジタルコマフレアを補正した~ 第十六夜 AI Noct Nikkor 58mm F1.2 |
第六夜に世界初の一眼レフ用非球面レンズOP Fisheye-Nikkor 10mm F5.6のお話をしたが、今夜はその続きで、非球面を用いた標準レンズAI Noct Nikkor 58mm F1.2についてお話しよう。
![](http://www.nikon-image.com/jpn/shared/img/sp.gif)
1.サジタルコマフレア
Nocturne(夜想曲)からその名をとったといわれるNoct Nikkorが発売されたのは、Nikon F2 フォトミックAの発売と同じ年の1977年のことである。このレンズは、ノクトという名が示す通り、開放絞りでの夜間撮影を目的につくられたものであった。従来のNikkor AUTO 55mm F1.2とどこが違うのだろうか? まずこの違いについて少し説明しておこう。![]() 写真レンズの設計は、レンズが明るくなればなるほど収差の補正が困難であり、とりわけ広角化・大口径化するほど著しく発生するサジタルコマフレアがレンズ設計者を悩ませていた。サジタルコマフレアというのは耳慣れない読者の方も多いと思われるが、作例1bに示すように、画面周辺の点像が鳥が羽を広げたような形状に写る収差である。この収差は強度としては弱く、順光の撮影ではわずかにコントラストが低下するだけで、さほど目立つ収差ではない。しかも絞りを2~3段絞り込むことによって全く解消されることから、一般の撮影ではほとんど問題になることはない収差である。しかし、被写体が点像で、コントラストの高い夜景や天体の撮影に限っては非常に目立ってしまうのである。 ![]() 夜景や星は暗い被写体であるので、出来るだけ大口径のレンズで撮影したいところだ。しかし大口径レンズの特徴を生かすために開放絞りで撮影すると点像が鳥の羽のようなベールをまとってしまう。少し絞り込めば解消されるとはいうものの、それでは大口径レンズの意味がなくなってしまう。このやっかいなサジタルコマフレアを、開放絞りから補正すべく開発されたのが、このノクトニッコールだったのである。この課題に取り組んだのは、本稿にたびたび登場する清水義之氏であった。 |
![](http://www.nikon-image.com/jpn/shared/img/sp.gif)
2.レンズの構成
![]() ところで、非球面は用途によって2つのタイプに分類することができる。1つは以前お話したOP-Fisheyeのように歪曲収差をコントロールする非球面、そしてもう一つは今回のノクトのように球面収差やコマ収差をコントロールする非球面である。実は、球面収差やコマ収差を補正する非球面は、前者の歪曲収差をコントロールする非球面に比べると要求精度が桁違いにきびしいのだ。そこで、ノクトニッコールでは研磨による非球面製作法が採られることになった。研磨による非球面製作は、反射型天体望遠鏡の非球面鏡の作成などに用いられている技術で、高精度に非球面の製作ができる反面、その製作には熟練した研磨技能者の技が必要で、数量、コストの面では大変なものであった。 ![]() 加えて精度の厳しいレンズには精度の高い検査が必要である。ノクトニッコールでは、非球面レンズ単体での面形状の測定はもちろんのこと、組み立て後のレンズについて、通常の解像力試験に加えて、専用の検査装置を使って収差の測定を行い、製品のフレアの管理を行っていたという。一見するとAI Nikkor 50mm F1.2Sと変わらないレンズなのに、なぜ値段が3倍もしたのか、おわかりいただけたのではないだろうか?それだけ製造から検査にいたるまで手間をかけたレンズだったのである。 |
![](http://www.nikon-image.com/jpn/shared/img/sp.gif)
3.レンズの描写
作例をもとにこのレンズの描写をみてみよう。![]() 今回の作例はノクトの特徴が発揮される夜景の写真である。夜景の写真というと、低感度フィルムで三脚にカメラを据え、レンズの絞りを絞ってスローシャッターでじっくり撮影というのが定石である。しかし、このノクトはF1.2の明るさがあるから、ISO100のフィルムでも明るい夜景なら手持ちで撮ることが出来る。夜景をスナップ感覚で撮影するテンポが新鮮で心地よい。この作例も三脚を持ってゆかず、全て手持ちで撮影したが、調子にのって安易に撮影しすぎて、垂直線が少し曲がってしまった。 |
![]() 作例1 ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() | ![]() 作例2 ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
さて、ノクトニッコールは、銀座の夜景を撮影してサジタルコマフレアの評価を行ったという。それにちなんで、銀座の夜景をAI Nikkor 50mm F1.2Sと比較して撮影してみたのが作例1である。どちらも開放絞りの写真であるが、ノクトニッコールでは、AI Nikkor 50mm F1.2Sに見られるサジタルコマフレアがほとんど目立たないことがわかるだろう。開放からフレアの少ないシャープな像である。これに対してAI Nikkor 50mm F1.2Sは画面中心から少しフレアっぽく、画面周辺部の街灯には鳥の羽を広げたようなフレアがとりまいている。ノクトが高いコントラストとエッジの切れで被写体を浮き上がらせるような描写をするのに対して、AI Nikkor 50mm F1.2Sは、線の細い緻密な細部描写で被写体像をつくってゆくような描写をする。AI Nikkor 50mm F1.2Sは人物撮影に適したレンズといえるだろう。![]() |
![]() 夜景の撮影は、強い光源がレンズに入り込みやすいが、マルチコート化されているため、ゴーストが目立つことはないだろう。しかし画面外の強い光源によるフレアを防ぐためフードは常用したい。 ![]() 1977年に発売されたこのノクトニッコールは、1982年にAI-Sにモデルチェンジされ、F5発売の翌年の1997年に販売を終了している。思えばこのレンズは、描写性というものに付加価値をつけた唯一のニッコールレンズではなかったのではないだろうか? 未だにこのレンズの生産終了を惜しむ声は多いという。しかし、その名は消えてもサジタルコマフレアを除きたいというノクトの思想は、他のレンズに受け継がれ、生きつづけている。 この続きはまた別の機会にお話しよう。 | ||
![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
![]() | 注:本稿は、ニッコールクラブ が発行する「ニッコールクラブ会報182号」(平成14(2002)年9月30日発行)に初出、ニコンホームページ用に増補改稿したものです。文中の会社名、商品名は、各社の商号、登録商標または商標です。画面上に表示の作品(画像データ)の著作権は、作者(大下孝一)に帰属し、法律によって保護されています。この作品(画像データ)を、非営利の個人的な観賞用としてお持ちのディスプレイに表示することはできますが、それ以外の目的または形態で利用することはできません。さらに、加工・改変、営利目的への利用、不特定または多数の人への展示等を禁止します。 | ![]() |
![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
http://www.nikon-image.com/jpn/enjoy/interview/historynikkor/2003/0304/
An Aspherical Surface Got Over Sagittal Coma Flare
Tale 16 : Ai Noct NIKKOR 58mm f/1.2
by OHSHITA, Kouichi
This time I' m going to discuss a standard lens using an aspherical surface, the Ai Noct NIKKOR 58mm f/1.2 following the 6th Tale discussed "the world's first aspherical SLR lens," OP Fisheye-Nikkor 10mm f/5.6.
1. Sagittal Coma Flare
The Noct NIKKOR that was said to be named after "Nocturne" was released in 1977, the same year the release of the Nikon Photomic A. This lens, as was called "Noct", was designed for taking a picture at night with fully opened aperture stop. What is the difference from the conventional Nikkor AUTO 55mm f/1.2S ? I would like to explain this first.
In a photographic lens design, the faster the lens becomes, the more difficult to correct aberrations becomes. In particular, lens designers were annoyed by sagittal coma flare seriously produced when a lens became wider the angle of view and faster. You may not be familiar with the word, sagittal coma flare. It is an aberration that a point image locating on the periphery of an image frame makes an image like a bird spreading its wings as shown in Example 1B. The intensity of this aberration is rather weak, so that only slight decrease in contrast is sensed when shooting in front lighting and it is not so conspicuous. Moreover, it does not cause any problem in ordinary photograph because the aberration disappears when the aperture is stopped down by two to three steps. However, it becomes conspicuous only when the object is a point source and has a high contrast such as taking a night view or an astrophotograph.
Since a night view and an astrophotograph are dark objects, you should shoot them with a large-diameter lens, as large as possible. However, in order to make the best use of a large-diameter lens, when you shoot these objects with the maximum aperture, a point image must wear a veil like a bird spreading its wings. Although this is dissolved by stopping down the aperture with a few steps, there is not much point in using a large-diameter lens. It was the Noct NIKKOR that was developed for correcting the troublesome sagittal coma flare produced at the maximum aperture. The person who tackled this problem was Mr. SHIMIZU, Yoshiaki, who has often appeared in this serial.
2. Lens Structure
The structure of the lens is a 6-group, 7-element modified Gaussian type lens as shown in Fig. 1A. The Gaussian type lens has a characteristic capable of correcting chromatic aberration and spherical aberration well as mentioned several times in this serial, and is the most suitable lens type for a large-diameter lens. However, as described above, sagittal coma flare is difficult to be corrected by the simple Gaussian type lens, so that when the f-number becomes smaller, sagittal coma flare produces severely. Mr. Shimizu drastically reduced sagittal coma flare such that curvature of each lens is weakened by using high refractive index glasses and the most object side lens having the largest diameter is made to be an aspherical lens.
![58mm f/1.2](http://imaging.nikon.com/products/imaging/technology/nikkor/img/n16_fig1.gif)
Fig. 1A
Cross sectional view of
the Ai Noct NIKKOR 58mm f/1.2
![50mm f/1.2S](http://imaging.nikon.com/products/imaging/technology/nikkor/img/n16_fig2.gif)
Fig. 1B
Cross sectional view of
the Ai Nikkor 50mm f/1.2S
Please take a look at the cross sectional view of the Ai Noct NIKKOR shown in Fig. 1A comparing with that of the current Ai Nikkor 50mm f/1.2S shown in Fig. 1B. Although they are the same Gaussian type lenses, if you compare them very carefully, you may notice that the radius of curvature of each lens is considerably different. In addition, by applying an aspherical surface to the first lens element, sagittal coma flare is corrected.
By the way, an aspherical surface can be classified into two types by its usage. The first type is an aspherical surface for controlling distortion as described before with the OP Fisheye lens. The other type is an aspherical surface for controlling spherical aberration and coma like this Noct NIKKOR. To tell the truth, the required accuracy of the aspherical surface for controlling spherical aberration and coma is by far severer than that for controlling distortion. Accordingly, in the Noct NIKKOR, the aspherical surface was manufactured by an aspherical polishing method. The aspherical polishing method had been used for manufacturing an aspherical mirror of a catoptric astronomical telescope and had been able to manufacture an aspherical surface with very high precision. However, proficient technique of a skilled polishing technician had been indispensable for the manufacturing method, so that it had been serious in view of productivity and cost.
Moreover, it is essential for a high precision lens to be inspected with high precision. In the case of the Noct NIKKOR, it is needless to say that an aspherical lens element was measured its surface shape. In order to control amount of flare of each product, the assembled lens was measured aberration by a special inspection instrument in addition to a routine inspection of resolving power test. Although you cannot tell the difference from the Ai Nikkor 50mm f/1.2S at a first glance, you may have understood why the price was triple. From manufacturing to inspection, they spent so much time and effort on this lens.
3. Lens Performance
Let's take a look at how this lens performs with reference to the example photographs.
![IMG](http://imaging.nikon.com/products/imaging/technology/nikkor/img/n16-p1s.jpg)
Nikon F-301, Ai Noct NIKKOR 58mm f/1.2 lens, f/1.2, Auto (shutter speed), UV TREBI100
(c) 2002/2003 OHSHITA, Kouichi
The example photographs at this time is a night view in which characteristic of the Noct NIKKOR can be displayed. Speaking of a night view photograph, it is standard technique that you use a low speed film with a camera fixed on a tripod, stop down the aperture of the lens, and shoot at slow shutter speed without haste. However, since the Noct NIKKOR is as fast as f/1.2, it arrows a hand-held shooting of relatively bright night view even if you use modest speed film like ISO 100. The pace of shooting a night view in the feeling of snapshot was fresh and comfortable. On shooting the example photographs, I didn't bring a tripod, and shot all frames with holding a camera by hand. I was somewhat excited and shot too easily, so that the vertical line tilted a little.
![IMG](http://imaging.nikon.com/products/imaging/technology/nikkor/img/n16-p2s.jpg)
Nikon F-301, Ai Nikkor 50mm f/1.2S lens, f/1.2, Auto (shutter speed), UV TREBI100
(c) 2002/2003 OHSHITA, Kouichi
They say that the Noct NIKKOR used to be tested its sagittal coma flare by shooting night view of GINZA (downtown TOKYO) for evaluation. In connection with this, Examples 1A and 1B are the night views of GINZA shot for comparing with the Ai Nikkor 50mm f/1.2S. Although both photographs are shot at full aperture, you may notice that sagittal coma flare shown in the photograph, 1B, shot by the Ai Nikkor 50mm f/1.2S is scarcely seen in the photograph, 1A, shot by the Noct NIKKOR. At full aperture, since the image quality deterioration due to flare is minimal, sharp images are obtained. On the other hand, in the photograph shot by the Ai Nikkor 50mm f/1.2S, there is a slight flare in the center, and the flare shaping like a bird spreading its wings is surrounding streetlights locating on the periphery of the image frame. Imaging characteristic of the Noct NIKKOR is that an object is embossed by high contrast and edge sharpness, but that of the Ai Nikkor 50mm f/1.2S is that an image of an object is formed by minute details. Accordingly, the Ai Nikkor 50mm f/1.2S is suitable for shooting a portrait.
![IMG](http://imaging.nikon.com/products/imaging/technology/nikkor/img/n16-p3s.jpg)
Nikon F-301, Ai Noct NIKKOR 58mm f/1.2 lens, f/1.2, Auto (shutter speed), UV TREBI100
(c) 2002/2003 OHSHITA, Kouichi
Example 2, I shot a show window through the glass. Although there are pros and cons of defocusing characteristic of the lens, I think rear defocus is gentle and beautiful. With the in-focus plane showing sheer sharpness, background in the show window and streetlights are melted smoothly. However, front defocus has a little peculiarity to happen to become edgy according to the distance from the object.
On shooting night view, although strong light sources tend to come into the lens, ghost images may not be conspicuous because of multicoating applied on the lens surface. However, a lens hood should be attached regularly to avoid flare caused by strong light sources coming from outside of image frame.
The Noct NIKKOR released in 1977 was modified to "Ai-S" in 1982, and terminated in 1997, one year after the release of Nikon F5. I suppose this lens would have been the only Nikkor lens that added values to the imaging characteristic. It is said that a lot of people are still regretting the termination of the lens. Even if the name has been vanished, the idea of the Noct NIKKOR to eliminate sagittal coma flare is inherited by other NIKKOR lenses and stays alive.
I would like to tell this continuation in some time or other.
Note : This issue first appeared in "NIKKOR Club Quarterly" magazine; No. 182 (2002-09-30), published by the NIKKOR Club, and was revised for Nikon's webpage.
Products, brands and companies names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
The copyright of the pictures used in this homepage belongs to OHSHITA, Kouichi and is protected by law.
The images can be viewed on your monitor for non-commercial and personal purpose, and should not be used otherwise.
The images are not allowed to be modified, used for commercial purpose, nor should they be publicly displayed.
http://imaging.nikon.com/products/imaging/technology/nikkor/n16_e.htm
http://imaging.nikon.com/products/imaging/technology/nikkor/index.htm
'임시 공개 게시판' 카테고리의 다른 글
世界最大の画角 NIKKOR 13mm F5.6 (0) | 2008.12.21 |
---|---|
Noct-Nikkor の源流 NIKKOR-N 5cm F1.1 (0) | 2008.12.21 |
Ai Noct Nikkor 58mm F1.2S (0) | 2008.12.21 |
08/12/21 wj군 지산 스킹 (0) | 2008.12.20 |
08/12/18 送年會 (0) | 2008.12.16 |